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Barriers to Long-Term Adherence in Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Post-Stroke Spasticity: Insights and Implications from a Single-Center Study in North Italy.
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in spasticity. Botulinum toxin injections have emerged as a cornerstone in the management of post-stroke spasticity. However, despite their clinical efficacy, main…
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Increasing the Passive Range of Joint Motion in Stroke Patients Using Botulinum Toxin: The Role of Pain Relief.
By blocking the release of neurotransmitters, botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is an effective treatment for muscle over-activity and pain in stroke patients. BoNT-A has also been reported to increase passive range of motion (p-ROM), the decrease…
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Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin on Pain in Stroke Patients Suffering from Upper Limb Spastic Dystonia.
This observational study aimed at investigating pain in stroke patients with upper limb spastic dystonia. Forty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. A 0-10 numeric rating scale was used to evaluate pain at rest and during muscle tone ass…
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Near-Infrared Transflectance Spectroscopy Discriminates Solutions Containing Two Commercial Formulations of Botulinum Toxin Type A Diluted at Recommended Volumes for Clinical Reconstitution.
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) is the active substance in pharmaceutical preparations widely used worldwide for the highly effective treatment of various disorders. Among the three commercial formulations of BoNT-A currently available…
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In vivo non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy distinguishes normal, post-stroke, and botulinum toxin treated human muscles.
In post-stroke hemiparesis, neural impairment alters muscle control, causing abnormal movement and posture in the affected limbs. A decrease in voluntary use of the paretic arm and flexed posture during rest also induce secondary tissue tra…
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Do flexible inter-injection intervals improve the effects of botulinum toxin A treatment in reducing impairment and disability in patients with spasticity?
In patients treated with botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A), toxin-directed antibody formation was related to the dosage and frequency of injections, leading to the empirical adoption of minimum time intervals between injections of 3months or longe…