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Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Three Approaches for Botulinum Toxin Injection into Tibialis Posterior Muscle in Chronic Stroke Patients with Equinovarus Foot: An Observational Study.
Spastic equinovarus (SEV) foot deformity is commonly observed in patients with post-stroke spasticity. Tibialis posterior (TP) is a common target for botulinum toxin type-A (BoNT-A) injection, as a first-line treatment in non-fixed SEV defo…
- Spasticity Treatment During COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Recommendations.
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Pain and Muscles Properties Modifications After Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTX-A) and Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave (rESWT) Combined Treatment.
[BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE] Spasticity (most common disability in upper motor neuron syndrome or UMNS) caused an inability of patients' to perform daily activities and a decrease inquality of life. One of the promising methods nowadays, but …
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Botulinum Toxin Type A and Physiotherapy in Spasticity of the Lower Limbs Due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease (unknown pathogenesis) of the central nervous system that causes death within 1-5 years. Clinically, flabby paralysis, areflexia, muscular atrophy, and muscle fa…
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Efficacy and Non Invasive Treatment of Sialorrhea in the Goldenhar Syndrome.
[BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE] Goldenhar syndrome (ocular-auricular-vertebral syndrome), a rare congenital condition arising from defects in the first and second brachial arches, consists in clinical variety of features ranging from facial abno…
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"Appropriate Treatment" and Therapeutic Window in Spasticity Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA: From 100 to 1000 Units.
Many neurological diseases (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, multiple sclerosis, infant cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injury, and other cerebrovascular disorders) may cause muscle spasticity. Different therapeutic st…
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Long-term safety of repeated high doses of incobotulinumtoxinA injections for the treatment of upper and lower limb spasticity after stroke.
Current guidelines suggested a dosage up to 600units (U) of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) (onabotulinumtoxinA or incobotulinumtoxinA) in reducing spastic hypertonia with low prevalence of complications, although a growing body of evidence…