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Botulinum Toxin Effects on Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.
Freezing of gait is a frequent phenomenon and can be one of the most debilitating motor impairments in Parkinson's disease, especially in the advanced stages. It is currently defined as a brief episodic absence or any marked reduction in th…
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Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm: An Update on Clinical Studies.
[UNLABELLED] Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of the facial muscles innervated by the seventh cranial nerve. Generally, it is associated with a poor quality of life due to social embarr…
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Validation of the Hemifacial Spasm Grading Scale: a clinical tool for hemifacial spasm.
[BACKGROUND] To create an objective rating tool for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and validate it on a cohort of patients. [METHODS] A panel of movement disorders specialists elaborated, through the Delphi method, the Hemifacial Spasm Grading Sca…