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[Therapy of Hemifacial Spasm with Botulinum Toxin: an Update].
Injections of botulinum toxin can be viewed by now as the therapy of choice in treating hemifacial spasm (HFS). Each of the three botulinum toxin-A preparations have been approved for this indication in Germany. HFS is a frequent disease ch…
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Comparing Botulinum Toxin Injections with Extraocular Muscle Surgery in Toddlers with Esotropia: A Retrospective Analysis.
[BACKGROUND] In toddlers with esotropia, early alignment of the visual axes either with extraocular muscle surgery (EOMS) or botulinum toxin injections (BTIs) into both medial rectus muscles may result in improved depth perception. We compa…
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[Therapy of Hemifacial Spasm with Botulinum Toxin].
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a frequent disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of those muscles innervated by the facialis nerve on one side of the face. The symptoms can appear as tonic or clonic, intermittent or permanent. Diagno…
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Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Cyclic Strabismus in Children: Three Case Reports.
Cyclic strabismus is a rare disease of unknown origin. If untreated, it leads to manifest strabismus with the risk of amblyopia in children. Treatment is generally surgical. Here we report on three children in whom cyclic esotropia was succ…
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[Therapy of Hemifacial Spasm with Botulinum Toxin].
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a frequent disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of those muscles innervated by the facialis nerve on one side of the face. The symptoms can appear as tonic or clonic, intermittent or permanent. Diagno…
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[Therapeutic Use of Botulinum Toxin to Correct Misalignment of the Eyes].
[BACKGROUND/PURPOSE] There are no concrete guidelines for the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in strabismus. The 2012 Cochrane Analysis concluded that it was controversial, but included only 4 prospective randomized controlled trials. Ho…