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Paradoxical Frontalis Activation: An Underrecognized Consequence of Facial Palsy.
[BACKGROUND] Aberrant reinnervation and synkinesis are common and debilitating after facial palsy. Paradoxical frontalis activation can antagonize eye closure and increase the risk of corneal damage. If recognized, judicious botulinum toxin…
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The effect of template-based sequential (TBS) coding on an NHS plastic surgical practice.
[INTRODUCTION] Clinical coding is often a mystery to us surgeons, but in actuality, it has a huge bearing on the financial sustainability of our services. Given the rapid innovations in plastic surgical procedures, clinical coders often str…
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An objective assessment of botulinum toxin type A injection in the treatment of post-facial palsy synkinesis and hyperkinesis using the synkinesis assessment questionnaire.
This study aimed to provide reliable and valid evidence that botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is a successful treatment for facial synkinesis in facial palsy by using the synkinesis assessment questionnaire (SAQ) tool. Fifty-one patients comp…
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Cutaneous cooling to manage botulinum toxin injection-associated pain in patients with facial palsy: A randomised controlled trial.
[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum toxin injections are an effective, well-established treatment to manage synkinesis secondary to chronic facial palsy, but they entail painful injections at multiple sites on the face up to four times per year. Cutan…