Endoscopic Approaches to Gastroparesis.

Gastroparesis is a complex syndrome with multiple underlying etiologies and pathophysiologies that can cause significant morbidity for patients. Currently, there are limited effective and durable medical and surgical treatments for patients with gastroparesis. As such, there has been recent innovation and development in minimally invasive endoscopic treatments for gastroparesis. Endoscopic therapies that have been investigated for gastroparesis include enteral feeding tube placement, intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection, transpyloric stenting, gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy, and gastric electrical stimulation. This article aims to assess the effectiveness of current endoscopic therapies, as well as discuss future directions for endoscopic therapies, in the management of gastroparesis.