[History and Current Status of Direct or Combined Revascularization Surgery for Moyamoya Disease].

We reviewed the history and development of revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease, particularly STA-MCA bypass. In the early stages, medical treatments, such as vasodilators, were ineffective. In the 1970s, indirect surgical methods were introduced but have shown limited success. Direct bypass techniques have evolved with advancements in microsurgery, and STA-MCA bypass has become the standard treatment. Surgery improves the collateral blood flow and reduces the risk of stroke, especially in patients with ischemia. Despite being generally safe, perioperative complications, such as cerebral infarction and hyperperfusion syndrome, may occur. Adult and pediatric patients show different hemodynamic responses that require tailored postoperative care. Long-term studies have shown high graft patency and reduced risk of stroke, although late cerebrovascular events may occur. Meta-analyses support revascularization, especially in cases of hemorrhage. The optimal timing of surgery remains controversial. The risk factors for postoperative stroke include age < 5 years, diabetes, and a higher Suzuki grade. Continued research is needed to refine individual treatment strategies.