FBG-based three-dimensional micro-force sensor with axial force sensitivity-enhancing and temperature compensation for micro-forceps.

During retinal microsurgery, excessive interaction force between surgical instruments and intraocular tissue can cause serious accidents such as tissue injury, irreversible retinal damage, and even vision loss. It is essential to accurately sense the micro tool-tissue interaction force, especially for the Ophthalmic Microsurgery Robot. In this study, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) three-dimensional (3-D) micro-force sensor for micro-forceps is proposed, which is integrated with the drive module as an end-effector and can be conveniently mounted onto the ophthalmic surgical robot. An innovative axial force sensitivity-enhancing structure is proposed based on the principles of flexure-hinge and flexible levers to overcome the low sensitivity of axial force measurement. A dual-grating temperature compensation method is adopted for axial force measurement, which considers the differential temperature sensitivity of the two FBGs. Three FBGs are arranged along the circumference of the guide tube in this study to measure transverse forces and compensate for effects caused by changes in temperature. The experimental results demonstrate that the micro-forceps designed in this study achieved a resolution of 0.13 mN for transverse force and 0.30 mN for axial force. The temperature compensation experiments show that the 3-D micro-force sensor can simultaneously compensate for temperature effects in axial and transverse force measurement.