Alternative imaging technologies for perforator mapping in free flap breast reconstructive surgery - A comprehensive overview of the current literature.

[BACKGROUND] The use of perforator mapping has become routine for many microsurgeons in the planning and performing of free flaps in breast reconstructions. Within this field, the number of available technologies and their quality has rapidly evolved over time. This study presents an up-to-date review on the spectrum of alternative perforator mapping modalities and the efficiency and utilization in the practice of free flap breast reconstructive surgery.

[METHODS] Extensive searches of the PubMed and Embase databases were performed. Articles containing free flap tissue transfer in breast reconstruction and a perforator imaging modality were included. Qualitative and descriptive analyses of the outcomes were performed, and the quality of the evidence was appraised.

[RESULTS] One hundred and sixty-eight articles were included. Besides the routinely used handheld Doppler, CT angiography, and MR angiography, seven alternative technologies (38 studies) have been found; color Doppler fluorescent angiography, dynamic infrared thermography, image-guided stereotaxy, template, 3D printed model, and augmented reality. The modalities were classified based on their concept of imaging as volumetric perforator imaging, real-time perforator imaging, and complementary techniques. A poor level of evidence for each alternative modality was found.

[CONCLUSION] An overview of alternative imaging techniques available to pre- and intraoperatively map perforator locations have been given. Several novel promising techniques have been identified, all to be used in conjunction with volumetric imaging. This overview provides a perspective on the future field of imaging in reconstructive surgery.