The Evolution of Current Concept of the Reconstructive Ladder in Plastic Surgery: The Emerging Role of Translational Medicine.

Plastic surgeons have used the reconstructive ladder for many decades as a standard directory for complex trauma reconstruction with the goal of repairing body structures and restoring functionality. This consists of different surgical maneuvers, such as secondary intention and direct tissue closure, as well as more complex methods such as local tissue transfer and free flap. The reconstructive ladder represents widely known options achievable for tissue reconstruction and wound closure that puts at the bottom rung the simplest methods of reconstruction and strengthens the complexity by moving upward. Regenerative medicine and surgery constitute a quickly spreading area of translational research that can be employed by minimally invasive surgical strategies, with the aim of regenerating cells and tissues in vivo in order to reestablish normal function through the intrinsic potential of cells, in combination with biomaterials and appropriate biochemical stimuli. These translational procedures have the aim of creating an appropriate microenvironment capable of supporting the physiological cellular function to generate the desired cells or tissues and to generate parenchymal, stromal, and vascular components on demand, and above all to produce intelligent materials capable of determining the fate of cells. Smart technologies have been grown that give extra "rungs" on the classic reconstructive ladder to integrate a more holistic, patient-based approach with improved outcomes. This commentary presents the evolution of the traditional concept of the reconstructive ladder in the field of plastic surgery into a new course with the aim of achieving excellent results for soft tissue reconstruction by applying innovative technologies and biologically active molecules for a wide range of surgical diseases.