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In many oriental upper lids the levator aponeurosis does not insert into the skin as it does in the occidental lid. The upper lid fold is therefore absent in these oriental eyes. In addition, epicanthus tarsalis is common in the oriental, a…

For good cosmesis the upper eyelid creases and folds must be symmetric. The lid creases must be the same height above the upper lid margins. The skin below the crease must be smooth and firmly attached to the tarsus, or, in cases with a sho…

In midfacial fractures the crucial area is the upper portion of the midfacial skeleton which lodges the orbits, the interorbital space with its anatomic relationship with the anterior cranial fossa, the lacrimal apparatus, the levator muscl…

[BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES] In recent years, a modified levator muscle resection using Putterman ptosis clamp was developed. We used a retrospective case-control study to compare the effects of the modified and traditional levator muscle resect…

[INTRODUCTION] The aim was to reflect the established interdisciplinary aspects of general/abdominal and plastic surgery by means of a narrative review. Methods: (i) With specific references out of the medical literature and (ii) own clinic…

[BACKGROUND] Controversy exists as to whether the changes of midface aging (elongation of the lower eyelid caused by infraorbital hollowing, flattening of the malar eminence, and increased prominence of the nasolabial fold) are attributable…

The authors present the anatomical findings that have made an easier approach to composite rhytidectomy possible. The lower lateral border of the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) overlies the zygomaticus major muscle (ZMM), the upper third of…

[BACKGROUND] Ptosis, the drooping of the upper eyelid caused by levator palpebrae superioris muscle dysfunction, is a common condition that can impair vision and quality of life. It can arise independently or as a secondary condition to dis…

[AIM] This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of upper eyelid retraction in patients with active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). [METHODS] A prospective interventional study was …

[OBJECTIVE] The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the functional and histologic changes in the upper eyelid muscles after injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) alone or TA combined with botulinum toxin A (Botox or BTXA) in the …

[BACKGROUND] Eyelid ptosis is characterized by an inferior displacement of the upper eyelid when the eye assumes its primary position. Besides its aesthetic implications, ptosis can also adversely affect visual acuity. [OBJECTIVE] This stu…

[BACKGROUND] Eyelid ptosis following periocular onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) treatment is a known complication that can be frustrating for both patients and practitioners. Iatrogenic blepharoptosis occurs due to local spread of the BoNT-A fr…

Currently, concern about facial attractiveness is increasing, and this fact has led to orthodontics in adult patients being an increasingly demanded treatment, and with it, multi-disciplinary work. When it is caused by a vertical excess of …

[OBJECTIVES] To study the thickness of levator palpebra superioris-Muller's muscle complex (LMC) on ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and to correlate with the clinical response to botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection in patients with inactive-st…

[BACKGROUND] Mild ptosis can be aesthetically displeasing for patients, especially in unilateral cases. However, some patients do not desire to undergo a surgical repair. Botulinum toxin injection might be an option in these cases. [OBJECT…

[BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin (BTX) is useful for inducing temporary ptosis in patients with ocular surface disease. However, transcutaneous BTX often causes inadvertent superior rectus (SR) paresis. Furthermore, Muller's muscle is unaffecte…

[BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) has grown tremendously in aesthetic dermatology since 2002 when the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved its use for treating moderate-to-severe glabellar lines. Blepharopto…

[PURPOSE] Individuals receiving botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections in the head and neck for migraine treatment have reported decreases in photophobia and sensations of dryness, independent of ocular surface parameters. We hypothesized th…

[OBJECTIVE] To describe the clinical and electromyographic characteristics of blepharospasm caused by selective involvement of the pars pretarsalis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [METHODS] Clinical assessment and simultaneous electromyog…