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The use of porous hydroxylapatite (HA) as a substitute for bone in grafting associated with orthognathic surgical procedures was studied histologically and histometrically. The surgical procedures included maxillary downgrafting, advancemen…

Osteotomies of the mandible and/or maxilla (orthognathic surgery) are common procedures for correcting facial defects. Radiographs of these patients are routinely obtained, and the radiologist must be aware of the normal postoperative appea…

Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is a rare neurocutaneous and craniofacial disorder characterized by progressive hemifacial wasting and atrophy that predominantly affects children and young adults, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 700,000 i…

[BACKGROUND] Bone nonunion is extensively studied in the orthopedic literature, but the knowledge in oral and maxillofacial surgery, specifically orthognathic surgery, is scarce. Since this complication has a significant negative impact on …

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxin, and its injection in masticatory muscles induces muscle weakness and paralysis. This paralytic effect of BTX induces growth retardation of the maxillofacial bones, changes in dental eruption and occlus…

Facial contouring relates to hard and soft structures that make up the face. Skeletal class II and III subjects present bone structure and position changes, significantly impacting the soft tissues. This study aims to analyze the morphology…

[AIM] To develop a novel and simplified parameter for mandible angle asymmetry (MAA) evaluation for facial countering surgeries in Chinese females. [MATERIALS AND METHODS] A total of 250 craniofacial computer tomography of healthy Chinese …

This paper introduces my personal perspective on anatomic structures for reduction malarplasty, mandibular contouring surgery, and masseter muscle resection. The zygomaticofacial nerve innervates a rectangular area, and each side measures 1…

[OBJECTIVE] Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are used in masticatory muscles for pain relief, unloading of the mandible, and cosmetic facial contouring. Treatment is often repeated every few months as function returns. This study assessed masti…

The maxillofacial skeleton is the basis of the contour of the face. Orthognathic surgery and facial contouring surgery change jaw tissue and affect facial appearance in different manners. Orthognathic surgery is the main method to correct d…

[BACKGROUND] Mandibular angle ostectomy is a common plastic surgery for facial contouring in East Asians. However, rarely we could find reports on differences between East Asian males and females undergoing this surgery. [OBJECTIVE] To des…

Mandibular bone defects due to extensive trauma impair occlusion and affect the aesthetics of facial contouring, making it difficult to obtain a satisfactory outcome. Distraction osteogenesis and free flap is an effective and aesthetic trea…

A 20-year-old edentulous woman, who was previously treated with the shave of the inferior border of the mandible and malar prominent region for aesthetic facial contouring, was selected for full mouth rehabilitation of the maxillomandibular…

Alveolar and mandibular bone defects impair occlusion and affect the aesthetics of facial contouring, making it difficult to obtain a satisfactory outcome. Treatment with distraction osteogenesis (DO) is particularly difficult in cases in w…

[BACKGROUND] A facial contour that is oval is more pleasing in Asian women. Patients with a square face often seek facial contouring procedures to improve their appearance. Treatment often involves various combinations of Botulinum NeuroTox…

[BACKGROUND] Asians characteristically have flat or broad and round facial features. These characteristics are primarily attributable to enlarged and widened jawbones, impressive muscles associated with mastication, and a zygomatic arch inv…

Mandible reduction is one of the most well-known facial contouring procedures used to reduce the size of the face for Asian patients, and many studies have been conducted. However, these studies have largely included only exposure by the in…

[BACKGROUND] The sagittal split ramus osteotomy is a well-established procedure, and many authors have attempted various modifications of the surgical technique. Nowadays, it is widely acknowledged that people in Korea, Japan, and China pre…

The lower third of Asian faces is wider than that of Caucasians and it is determined by the size and width of the mandibular bone and the thickness of muscles and subcutaneous fat tissues surrounding it. Efforts to create an aesthetically s…