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Intraoperative use of lateral spread response measurement in the upper orbicularis oculi and mandibular muscles in patients with hemifacial spasm after botulinum toxin treatment.
[BACKGROUND] Following repeated botulinum toxin (BTX) treatments, patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) are recommended to undergo microvascular decompression (MVD) for a permanent cure. Intraoperative lateral spread response (LSR) monitorin…