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Mechanisms of Botulinum Toxin Type A Action on Pain.
Already a well-established treatment for different autonomic and movement disorders, the use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in pain conditions is now continuously expanding. Currently, the only approved use of BoNT/A in relation to pain…
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Involvement of substance P in the antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type A: Evidence from knockout mice.
The antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has been demonstrated in behavioral animal studies and clinical settings. It was shown that this effect is associated with toxin activity in CNS, however, the mechanism is not fu…
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Activity of botulinum toxin type A in cranial dura: implications for treatment of migraine and other headaches.
[BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE] Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is approved for chronic migraine treatment, its mechanism of action is still unknown. Dural neurogenic inflammation (DNI) commonly used to investigate migraine pathophysiolog…