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A Psychological Guide to Lower Face Botulinum Toxin Injections: Baseline Emotional Functions of Facial Expressions.
[BACKGROUND] The lower face conveys critical interpersonal signals and is central to how patients are emotionally evaluated by others. As botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is increasingly used in the perioral and mandibular region, there is a…
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A Psychological Guide to Upper Face Botulinum Toxin Injections: Baseline Emotional Functions of Facial Expressions.
[BACKGROUND] The upper face is central to human nonverbal communication, with the glabellar complex, forehead, and lateral canthal area signaling core emotions such as anger, sadness, fear, surprise, and joy. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A)…