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International consensuses and guidelines on clinical practices on abducens nerve palsy by the Asia-Pacific Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Society (APSPOS) and the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO).
Abducens nerve palsy is the most common ocular motor neuropathy, with a population-based annual incidence of approximately 4.7-11.3 per 100,000. It classically manifests as esotropia, horizontal diplopia, abduction deficit and compensatory …
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Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin for treatment of acquired non-accommodative comitant esotropia.
Acquired non-accommodative comitant esotropia (ANAET) represents a distinct subclass of esotropia that predominantly manifests in older children and adults. Injection of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX) to the extraocular muscle has been used to tre…
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Botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance in consecutive esotropia.
[PURPOSE] To investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance for the treatment of consecutive esotropia. [METHODS] A retrospective study was performed on 49 subjects with consecutive esotropia who r…