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Intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography of spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula in thoracolumbar lesions: illustrative case.
[BACKGROUND] Compared to dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), the pathogenesis of extradural AVFs is unclear. Furthermore, the outcomes of surgical and endovascular treatments are inferior to those of dural AVFs, and in some cases, there ar…
- Hand-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy using a new supportive approach.