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Alterations in dynamic balance control over time following botulinum toxin injection for calf hypertrophy.
[BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection into the gastrocnemius muscle is widely used to reduce calf hypertrophy, particularly for aesthetic purposes. However, given the essential role of the gastrocnemius muscle in propulsion…
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Botulinum toxin injection to improve functional independence and to alleviate parenting stress in a child with advanced pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: A case report and literature review.
[RATIONALE] Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disease. Progressive motor symptoms such as dystonia and spasticity begin in childhood and relentlessly become incapacitating later in life. T…