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Botulinum toxin type A versus anticholinergics for cervical dystonia.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005. Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is a highly disabling movement disorder, characterised by involuntary, usually painful, head postur…
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Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005. Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia, and is a highly disabling movement disorder, characterised by involuntary, usually painful, head postu…
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Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005. Blepharospasm is the second most common form of focal dystonia. It is a disabling disorder, characterised by chronic, intermittent or persistent, involuntary eyeli…
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Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane Review, first published in 2005. Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterised by unilateral, involuntary contractions of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. It is a chronic disorder, and spont…
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Deep brain stimulation for dystonia.
[BACKGROUND] Dystonia is a painful and disabling disorder, characterised by painful, involuntary posturing of the affected body region(s). Deep brain stimulation is an intervention typically reserved for severe and drug-refractory cases, al…
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Adverse events with botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia: How much should we blame placebo?
[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is the first line therapy for cervical dystonia (CD), with most patients receiving many treatment sessions, and so come to recognize and expect the benefits and harms of BoNT, making it difficult to sep…
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Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005. Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is a highly disabling movement disorder characterised by involuntary, usually painful, head posturi…
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Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2004, and previously updated in 2009 (no change in conclusions). Cervical dystonia is a frequent and disabling disorder characterised by painful involuntary head posturi…
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Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.
[BACKGROUND] This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003. Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is a disabling disorder characterised by painful involuntary head posturing. There are two availabl…