비대칭 Asymmetry

A case of breast asymmetry is presented in which the higher breast was lowered by placing an implant at the level of the opposite inframammary fold and the nipple-areola complex was transferred inferiorly on an inferiorly based dermal pedic…

Congenital absence of the vagina is the second cause of primary amenorrhea. Among 93 cases treated between 1956 and 1981, vulvar morphology was normal in only 37%. Partial bilateral absence of uterus was more frequent than total or than maj…

The author proposes a new classification concerning asymmetry of the breast, based on 150 cases. Four main groups are evident, with 3 subgroups within each of them. The main groups are true malformative asymmetry of breast; precocious prima…

This paper discusses the significance of the surgical anatomy of the adult cleft deformity in reconstruction. The essential asymmetry of the unilateral cleft is explained and methods suggested for reconstruction in three categories of cases…

Postoperative inversion of the nipple is a possible complication in reduction mammoplasty, especially when a tendency toward inversion exists prior to surgery. A technique for correction is presented, leaving no more scars than the peri-are…

A modification of the standard periareolar incision is described. It provides better access for augmentation mammoplasty and gynecomastia, as well as allowing for correction of asymmetry in the size and siting of the nipple-areola complex. …

Surgery on the contralateral breast was performed in 64 of 100 patients for adjustment of size and shape or for diagnostic purposes. The patients found it more desirable to adjust size than shape asymmetry on the contralateral breast. There…

Though retromuscular implantation of mammary prosthesis for breast reconstruction presents certain advantages, a retrospective study of the results of 56 such prostheses implanted in 38 patients demonstrated certain complications related to…

Augmentation genioplasty can serve as a valuable adjunct to orthodontic treatment. The borderline extraction patient with a good nasolabial angle, protruding lower incisors and a deficient chin often can be treated better by nonextraction o…

Tubular or nipple breasts are descriptive of an unusual deformity in which a hypoplastic mammary gland is situated under a stretched out areola, giving the breast a tubular shape. Six patients, age 17 to 21 years, have undergone surgical co…

Three young woman had mild breast asymmetry that was corrected by a wedge partial subcutaneous mastectomy through a circumareolar incision. Results and patients satisfaction were excellent, with almost no scarring.…

The most common causes of thoracic malformation in relation to the surgery of breast augmentation or reduction are discussed in this brief outline of cases requiring surgical correction. The types of treatment commonly employed by the autho…

Breast augmentation is being done increasingly, not only for women who consider their breasts too small but also for those with breast asymmetry, and post-mastectomy patients with reconstruction. It appears inevitable that traumatologists w…

In any bilateral operation, symmetry is of primary importance. When the shape of the remodeled breast is unsatisfactory after excess tissue has been removed, the surgeon may feel that leaving more tissue as support would improve the shape o…

Congenital and posttraumatic deformities may cause facial asymmetry of the malar area. Onlay grafting and/or craniofacial repositioning techniques are most frequently used in repair. There are various indications for, as well as limitations…

In 80 cases, breast reconstruction was performed as a secondary procedure at least one year after mastectomy for cancer. The prerequisite was absence of local recurrence and distant metastasis, good general condition and careful information…

A major problem in reconstructive and plastic surgery of the face is the assessment of exact distances between certain points of reference across facial contours. Incorrect estimation of these variables produces unsatisfactory postoperative…

Mild to moderate and at times, rather severe forms of asymmetry are overlooked preoperatively by the patient and even at times, by the physician. Preoperative awareness of breast and chest asymmetry is important in proper planning for surge…

We describe our experiences with a new silicone bag-gel chin implant, developed in two phases over a 4-year period. Fifty patients received the Phase I implant, and such complications as internal and external soft tissue erosion, indentatio…