What Happened to Masticatory Muscles after Botulinum-Toxin-Type A Injection into Masseter: A Systematic Review.
Abstract
[BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is commonly used in neuromuscular disorders and cosmetic fields, but the detailed histological and subcellular changes in masticatory muscles, mainly in masseter, remain underexplored.
[METHODS] The literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Cochrane databases between January 2000 and September 2024. Studies of BoNT-A injection in masseters with available full- text and extractable data were included and were grouped depending on injected species. The sample size, dose of injection, follow-up duration, and detailed muscle changes were concluded.
[RESULTS] Fourteen articles were eligible for reviewing, among which 2 were conducted on humans, and 12 were conducted on animals including rats (n=5), mice (n=2), rabbits (n=3) and pigs (n=2). Morphological analysis showed muscle atrophy with variable recovery. Histological findings included decreased fiber diameter, disrupted arrangements, and shifts in myosin-heavy-chain fiber types. Immunohistochemistry indicated increased cell proliferation and nuclear centralization. Electrophysiological assessments demonstrated reduced EMG amplitudes and shorter signal durations, correlating with muscle size and bite force. Ion analysis revealed increased sodium, chloride and sulfur, and decreased potassium and phosphorus.
[CONCLUSION] BoNT-A injection causes dose-dependent denervation and dysfunction in masticatory muscles, with incomplete recovery over time. However, due to very limited human data, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, and strong clinical extrapolations are not justified. These findings provide valuable insights into the long-term effects of BoNT-A on muscle structure and function, highlighting the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying these changes and their clinical implications for both therapeutic and aesthetic applications.
[LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III] This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
[METHODS] The literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Cochrane databases between January 2000 and September 2024. Studies of BoNT-A injection in masseters with available full- text and extractable data were included and were grouped depending on injected species. The sample size, dose of injection, follow-up duration, and detailed muscle changes were concluded.
[RESULTS] Fourteen articles were eligible for reviewing, among which 2 were conducted on humans, and 12 were conducted on animals including rats (n=5), mice (n=2), rabbits (n=3) and pigs (n=2). Morphological analysis showed muscle atrophy with variable recovery. Histological findings included decreased fiber diameter, disrupted arrangements, and shifts in myosin-heavy-chain fiber types. Immunohistochemistry indicated increased cell proliferation and nuclear centralization. Electrophysiological assessments demonstrated reduced EMG amplitudes and shorter signal durations, correlating with muscle size and bite force. Ion analysis revealed increased sodium, chloride and sulfur, and decreased potassium and phosphorus.
[CONCLUSION] BoNT-A injection causes dose-dependent denervation and dysfunction in masticatory muscles, with incomplete recovery over time. However, due to very limited human data, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, and strong clinical extrapolations are not justified. These findings provide valuable insights into the long-term effects of BoNT-A on muscle structure and function, highlighting the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying these changes and their clinical implications for both therapeutic and aesthetic applications.
[LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III] This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
추출된 의학 개체 (NER)
| 유형 | 영어 표현 | 한국어 / 풀이 | UMLS CUI | 출처 | 등장 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 시술 | botulinum toxin
|
보툴리눔독소 주사 | dict | 1 | |
| 해부 | Masseter: A Systematic Review.
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | neuromuscular
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | masseter
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | masseters
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | muscle
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | cell
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | nuclear
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 해부 | Ion
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 합병증 | masticatory muscles
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 합병증 | EMG
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 약물 | sodium
|
C0037473
sodium
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 약물 | chloride
|
C0008203
Chlorides
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 약물 | sulfur
|
C0038774
sulfur
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 약물 | potassium
|
C0032821
potassium
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 약물 | phosphorus
|
C0031705
phosphorus
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 약물 | [BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin type A
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 약물 | BoNT-A
→ Botulinum toxin type A
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 질환 | neuromuscular disorders
|
C0027868
Neuromuscular Diseases
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 질환 | muscle atrophy
|
C0026846
Muscular Atrophy
|
scispacy | 1 | |
| 질환 | Masticatory Muscles
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | BoNT-A
→ Botulinum toxin type A
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | humans
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | rats
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | mice
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | rabbits
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | pigs
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | myosin-heavy-chain fiber
|
scispacy | 1 | ||
| 기타 | human
|
scispacy | 1 |
MeSH Terms
Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Animals; Masseter Muscle; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Neuromuscular Agents; Rabbits; Mice; Muscular Atrophy; Rats
📑 인용 관계
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