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[BACKGROUND] Although Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTXA) has been applied to scar prevention and treatment, the mechanisms still require further exploration. [OBJECTIVE] To investigate the effects of BTXA on microvessels in the hypertrophic sca…

[BACKGROUND] Both mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC CM) and Botox have demonstrated therapeutic effects for hypertrophic scar (HS). It is unclear whether a synergistic effect occurs when these treatments are used in combination.…

Hypertrophic scar is a dermal fibroproliferative disease characterized by the overproduction and deposition of extracellular matrix, and the hyperproliferation and enhanced angiogenesis of fibroblasts, along with their enhanced differentiat…

[BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) is known to prevent fibroblast proliferation and expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). It also induces temporary muscle paralysis and decreases tension vectors. Fibroblasts ind…

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a common type of dermatosis. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) can exert an anti‑HS effect; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effec…

[BACKGROUND] Linear hypertrophic scar is a common surgical problem that can be difficult to manage, especially for the median sternotomy scar. Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) is widely used in cosmetic surgery and has been shown to improve sca…

[BACKGROUND] The authors evaluated the efficacy of a combined regimen of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) and a steroid (triamcinolone acetonide) for treating hypertrophic scars in comparison with the treatment with each drug alone. [METHODS…

[BACKGROUND] Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a refractory skin disease caused by major physical damage or other inflammation. Some reports found that botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) could be an alternative treatment of the HS. Therefore, the author…

[OBJECTIVE] Different treatment modalities have been used either alone, or in combination to achieve an optimum improvement for hypertrophic scars. Intralesional injections of corticosteroids and 5-fluorouracil are among the most commonly u…

[BACKGROUND] The purpose of the meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficiency of therapeutic botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the prevention of maxillofacial and neck scars. [METHODS AND FINDINGS] Information came from the following electr…

The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is associated with donor site morbidity. This study aimed to quantify the functional and aesthetic outcomes after closure of the RFFF donor site using triangular full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) harvest…

[OBJECTIVE] The aim of the present study was to report a novel nomenclature system for extended latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous (LD) flaps. To evaluate the clinical application and surgical efficacy of the different extended LD flaps for …

Revision surgery after gender-affirming genitoplasty is becoming more and more common as more patients gain access to surgical treatment. The complexity of genitoplasty and extensive dissection of delicate tissues predisposes patients to ne…

[BACKGROUND] The mechanism(s) responsible for breast capsular contracture (CC) remain unknown, but inflammatory pathways play a role. Various molecules have been attached to implant shells in the hope of modifying or preventing CC. The intr…

[BACKGROUND] Intralesional corticosteroid administration (ICA) is a first-line keloid treatment. However, it faces significant variability in current clinical and scientific practice, which hinders comparability of treatment results. [OBJE…

New developments in artificial intelligence (AI) offer opportunities to enhance plastic surgery practice, research, and education. In this article, we review relevant AI tools and applications, including machine learning, reinforcement lear…

There are more than 11 million people in the world affected with keloids. Nevertheless, there is a lack of agreement in keloid management. Moreover, keloid research has left gaps in the understanding of its pathogenesis. Six questions are a…

[BACKGROUND] Recent health care changes have encouraged efforts to decrease costs. In plastic surgery, an area of potential cost savings includes appropriate use of pathologic examination. Specimens are frequently sent because of hospital p…