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Probing the properties of PTEN specific botulinum toxin type E mutants.
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are established biopharmaceuticals for neuromuscular and secretory conditions based on their ability to block neurotransmitter release from neurons by proteolyzing specific soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fac…
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Beyond neuromuscular activity: botulinum toxin type A exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement.
Overt muscle activity and impaired spinal locomotor control hampering coordinated movement is a hallmark of spasticity and movement disorders like dystonia. While botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) standard therapy alleviates mentioned symptoms pre…
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Three players in the 'toxic affair' between botulinum neurotoxin type A and neurons.
Joensuu and colleagues have recently shown that botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type A exploits a heterotrimeric complex in the presynaptic membrane to bind to and enter neurons using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Similar processes may be rele…
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Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody.
Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond, resulting in inhibition of neuroexocytosis. The minute amounts of th…