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Botulinum Toxin Type A Exerts Direct Trans-Synaptic Action at Bilateral Spinal Nociceptive Circuits.
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) induces a bilateral analgesic effect following unilateral injection in rodent bilateral or mirror pain models. This occurs either by indirect plasticity-related actions, or by the toxin's direct central actio…
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Beyond neuromuscular activity: botulinum toxin type A exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement.
Overt muscle activity and impaired spinal locomotor control hampering coordinated movement is a hallmark of spasticity and movement disorders like dystonia. While botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) standard therapy alleviates mentioned symptoms pre…
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Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody.
Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond, resulting in inhibition of neuroexocytosis. The minute amounts of th…
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Lasting Peripheral and Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Experimental Muscle Hypertonia in Rats.
Recent animal experiments suggested that centrally transported botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) might reduce an abnormal muscle tone, though with an unknown contribution to the dominant peripheral muscular effect observed clinically. Herein,…