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Botulinum Toxin Type A Exerts Direct Trans-Synaptic Action at Bilateral Spinal Nociceptive Circuits.
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) induces a bilateral analgesic effect following unilateral injection in rodent bilateral or mirror pain models. This occurs either by indirect plasticity-related actions, or by the toxin's direct central actio…
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Beyond neuromuscular activity: botulinum toxin type A exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement.
Overt muscle activity and impaired spinal locomotor control hampering coordinated movement is a hallmark of spasticity and movement disorders like dystonia. While botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) standard therapy alleviates mentioned symptoms pre…
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Botulinum toxin type a antinociceptive activity in trigeminal regions involves central transcytosis.
[OBJECTIVE] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) provides lasting pain relief in patients with craniofacial pain conditions but the mechanisms of its antinociceptive activity remain unclear. Preclinical research revealed toxin axonal transport t…