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Cross-Induction of Anti-Complexing Antibodies in Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin Formulations Containing Complexing Proteins.
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) formulations differ in their content of non-toxic accessory proteins, also known as complexing proteins (CPs), which may influence immunogenicity. Some BoNT/A products share structurally similar CPs, potentia…
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A Pilot Study of Differences in Antibody Responses of Intradermal and Intramuscular Injections of Botulinum Toxin Type A.
[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is commonly used for both medical and aesthetic purposes. However, approximately 3% of long-term recipients develop resistance, potentially due to antibody formation. Injection technique may in…