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A practical guide to botulinum neurotoxin treatment of teres major muscle in shoulder spasticity: Intramuscular neural distribution of teres major muscle in cadaver model.
[BACKGROUND] Botulinum neurotoxin treatment typically focuses on the teres major muscle as a primary target for addressing shoulder spasticity. The muscle is located deep within a large muscle group and optimal injection locations have not …
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Sihler's staining of the anterior belly of digastric muscle for botulinum toxin injection.
[PURPOSE] The anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM) is the target of botulinum toxin injection; however, anatomical considerations related to the injection point are absent. This study used Sihler's staining to analyze the intramusc…
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A Comparison of the Use of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Visualization Systems by Novice and Experienced Microsurgeons in Microsurgical Vessel Anastomosis: An Analysis Using the Chicken Model.
[BACKGROUND] Various studies have discussed the benefits of applying three-dimensional (3D) techniques, specifically its advantages with respect to ergonomics, feasibility, and the rate of learning achievable in microsurgery training. Howe…
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Anatomical locations of the motor endplates of sartorius muscle for botulinum toxin injections in treatment of muscle spasticity.
[PURPOSE] This study aimed to detect the idyllic locations for botulinum neurotoxin injection by analyzing the intramuscular neural distributions of the sartorius muscles. [METHODS] An altered Sihler's staining was conducted on sartorius m…