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Korean botulinum toxins.
Botulinum toxin (BT) is used therapeutically since the late 1980s. For many years, BT drugs were provided by a small group of manufacturers from Europe and the United States. As BT's use for aesthetic purposes surged, numerous new manufactu…
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Iatrogenic botulism: a risk for botulinum toxin's medical use?
Botulinum toxin (BT) is infamous for its extreme toxicity. If it enters the bloodstream, it can cause botulism presenting with a typical pattern of motor and autonomic dysfunction. An international expert panel organised by IAB-Interdiscipl…
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Manufacture of the first FDA-approved batches of 900 kilodalton crystalline type a botulinum toxin for clinical use: a personal remembrance.
Type A crystalline 900 kDa botulinum toxin (BTX-A) was first approved in December 1989 by the US Food and Drug Agency (FDA) as an orphan drug for treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm associated with dystonia in patients twelve years an…
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Microsurgical Practice with Use of Smartphone Camera as the Microscopic Field.
Accessibility of microsurgical equipment is a major barrier to proper training of surgeons before live patient free flap surgery. A technique is presented that uses a smartphone camera as the microscopic field, eliminating the need for an e…
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Flap Debulking and Secondary Revisions in Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Systematic Review with Clinical Applications.
Flap debulking and secondary revisions are an integral factor in providing optimum outcomes to reconstructive patients. This review article summarizes systematically the available literature on flap debulking in head and neck reconstruction…
- Contrarian Botox pioneer remembered.
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Botulinum toxin therapy: past, present and future developments.
Although botulinum toxin (BT) is now being used in a large number of different indications in numerous medical specialties, there is still dynamic and rapid development. Treatment algorithms were improved by the introduction of BT short-int…
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Potency of botulinum toxin drugs: test systems and labelling.
Cell-based assays are a novel method to determine potency of botulinum toxin drugs. Manufacturers are working on their acquisition, development and implementation to reduce animal consumption during the manufacturing process. Potency labell…
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Posttranslational Regulation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Production in Clostridium botulinum Hall A-.
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic substances known to humankind and are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic disease botulism. Despite the overall importance of BoNTs in public health and safety, as a bioterrorism conce…
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Catch and Anchor Approach To Combat Both Toxicity and Longevity of Botulinum Toxin A.
Botulinum neurotoxins have remarkable persistence (∼weeks to months in cells), outlasting the small-molecule inhibitors designed to target them. To address this disconnect, inhibitors bearing two pharmacophores-a zinc binding group and a Cy…
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A Study and Review of Effects of Botulinum Toxins on Mast Cell Dependent and Independent Pruritus.
Pruriceptive itch originates following activation of peripheral sensory nerve terminals when pruritogens come in contact with the skin. The ability of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) to attenuate transmitter release from afferent terminals pr…
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The Light Chain Defines the Duration of Action of Botulinum Toxin Serotype A Subtypes.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the causative agent of botulism and a widely used pharmaceutical to treat a variety of neurological diseases. BoNTs are 150-kDa protein toxins organized into heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) domains linke…
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Regulation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Synthesis and Toxin Complex Formation by Arginine and Glucose in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by neurotoxigenic clostridia, is the most potent biological toxin known and the causative agent of the paralytic disease botulism. The nutritional, environmental, and genetic regulation of BoNT synthesi…
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Small molecule metalloprotease inhibitor with in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo efficacy against botulinum neurotoxin serotype A.
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic substances known to mankind and are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic disease botulism. Their ease of production and extreme toxicity have caused these neurotoxins to be classified a…
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A Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin, Previously Reported as Serotype H, Has a Hybrid-Like Structure With Regions of Similarity to the Structures of Serotypes A and F and Is Neutralized With Serotype A Antitoxin.
Botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic disease caused by the action of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) on nerve cells. There are 7 known serotypes (A-G) of BoNT and up to 40 genetic variants. Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060 was rece…