Dressler D ⚠ 동명이인 가능성

Botulinum toxin (BT) is used therapeutically since the late 1980s. For many years, BT drugs were provided by a small group of manufacturers from Europe and the United States. As BT's use for aesthetic purposes surged, numerous new manufactu…

Botulinum toxin (BT) is infamous for its extreme toxicity. If it enters the bloodstream, it can cause botulism presenting with a typical pattern of motor and autonomic dysfunction. An international expert panel organised by IAB-Interdiscipl…

Chronic migraine (CM) is a common primary headache occurring on 15 or more days per month and for more than three months. It presents a considerable therapeutic challenge. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has emerged as a promising treatment for CM, …

Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is the therapy of choice for most forms of dystonia. We want to describe its costs, if all dystonia patients in Germany would have access to optimal BT therapy. For this, we combined the latest data on epidemiol…

Idiopathic cervical dystonia (ICD) is by far the largest subgroup of dystonia. Still, its natural course is largely unknown. We studied the natural course of 100 ICD patients from our botulinum toxin clinics (age at ICD onset 45.8 ± 13.5 ye…

Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy may be blocked by antibodies (BT-AB) resulting in BT-AB induced therapy failure (ABF). BT-AB may be detected by the mouse lethality assay (MLA), the mouse diaphragm assay (MDA) and the sternocleidomastoid test (…

Although botulinum toxin (BT) is now being used in a large number of different indications in numerous medical specialties, there is still dynamic and rapid development. Treatment algorithms were improved by the introduction of BT short-int…

Cell-based assays are a novel method to determine potency of botulinum toxin drugs. Manufacturers are working on their acquisition, development and implementation to reduce animal consumption during the manufacturing process. Potency labell…

Like all proteins foreign to the human body, also botulinum toxin (BT) is antigenic and may stimulate an immune response with formation of antibodies (BT-AB). Affected patients may no longer respond to BT therapy and various degrees of BT-A…

The prevalence of dystonia has been studied since the 1980s. Due to different methodologies and due to varying degrees of awareness, resulting figures have been extremely different. We wanted to determine the prevalence of dystonia accordin…

Botulinum toxin (BT) has changed from a deadly poison to a novel therapeutic principle for a large number of disorders in many medical areas.BT drugs are special in many ways: they are biologicals, their active ingredient BT is not patentab…

Botulinum toxin (BT) has been successfully used for many years to treat various muscle hyperactivity disorders including dystonia and spasticity. Its dosing is guided by dosing tables describing target muscles and dose ranges. To refine the…

Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is a complex and highly individualised therapy defined by treatment algorithms and injection schemes describing its target muscles and their dosing. Various consensus guidelines have tried to standardise and to …

Botulinum toxin (BT) is used to treat a large number of muscle hyperactivity syndromes. Its use in dystonia, however, is still one of the most important indications for BT therapy. When BT is injected into dystonic muscles, it produces a pe…

In 1997, lanbotulinumtoxinA (LAN) was introduced in China. It is now available in Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe under various brand names including Hengli, Lantox, Prosigne, Lanzox, Redux, Liftox, HBTX-A and CBTX-A. The literature …

Dystonia is a chronic movement disorder that is associated with a reduction in health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and restriction of activities of daily living. Botulinum neurotoxin (BT) improves disease-specific HR-QoL by reducing abn…

Botulinum toxin (BT) drugs were introduced in the late 1980s. They are now used worldwide in a large number of indications. This huge market and its future opportunities have attracted a number of companies about to enter the competition wi…

To explore the correlations of botulinum toxin (BT) therapy with dysphagia, we wanted to study a group of cervical dystonia (CD) patients with optimised BT therapy during a prolonged period of time to record their dysphagia frequency, sever…

The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has provoked drastic countermeasures including shutdowns of public services. We wanted to describe the effects of a 6 week shutdown of a large German botulinum toxin (BT) outpatient clinics on patients and thei…

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a focal dystonia involving the mouth, jaw, and tongue. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) therapy might be one form of treatment in OMD. Systematic pooling of BoNT studies in OMD remains wanting, as the derived data…

[BACKGROUND] The ULIS-II was an international cohort study (NCT01020500) evaluating current treatment of upper limb spasticity in post-stroke adult patients with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) in real-life practice. [OBJECTIVE] Post hoc analys…

Botulinum toxin (BT) consists of botulinum neurotoxin and complexing proteins (CPs). CPs might provide mechanical protection for botulinum neurotoxin. As incobotulinumtoxinA (INCO, Xeomin®) does not contain CPs, we wanted to compare its mec…

Based on epidemiological data it was believed that botulinumtoxin type D (BT-D) may not block human cholinergic synapses. We wanted to investigate BT-D's effect on the autonomic cholinergic synapse in humans. For this, we compared in four v…

The objective of this study is to discover whether incobotulinumtoxinA (inco) can reduce relative hypersalivation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 14 patients with ALS (8 males and 6 females, age 55.4 ± 16.3 years) rece…

LanbotulinumtoxinA (LAN) is manufactured and registered in China since 1994. Despite its widespread use in China and its increasing use in other Asian countries and in South America, it is not yet well known elsewhere. We wanted to compare …

When used therapeutically, botulinum toxin (BT) has to be injected into its target tissues. All manufacturers warn not to do so in patients with oral anticoagulation to avoid haematoma. We wanted to study the haematoma frequency (HF) in pat…