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Guideline for Botulinum Toxin Injections in the Effective Treatment of Fibular Spasticity.
This study used a modified Sihler's staining method to analyze the nerve distributions of the fibularis muscle to identify the most effective sites for botulinum toxin injection for fibular spasticity treatment. Ten specimens of the fibular…
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Intramuscular innervation patterns of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis and their clinical implications for botulinum toxin injections.
[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to clearly characterize the intramuscular nerve distributions of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles that are both responsible for the onset of a chronic tension type headache and …
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Characterizing the Lateral Border of the Frontalis for Safe and Effective Injection of Botulinum Toxin.
[BACKGROUND] The forehead is a common site for injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) to treat hyperactive facial muscles. Unexpected side effects of BoNT-A injection may occur because the anatomy of the forehead musculature is n…
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Neurovascular structures of the mandibular angle and condyle: a comprehensive anatomical review.
[BACKGROUND] Various surgical interventions including esthetic surgery, salivary gland excision, and open reduction of fracture have been performed in the area around the mandibular angle and condyle. This study aimed to comprehensively rev…
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Description of a novel anatomic venous structure in the nasoglabellar area.
Injectable dermal fillers are frequently used to reduce the appearance of various facial creases and rhytids. However, venous complications can develop while injecting dermal filler, especially in the nasoglabellar area. The aims of this st…